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__TOC__
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= Phonemes =
== Phonology ==
Cyranese has 10 phonemic consonants.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
! colspan="2" |
!Labial
!Alveolar
!Palatal
!Retroflex
!Velar
!Uvular
!Glottal
|-
! colspan="2" |Nasal
|m
|n
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Stop
|
|t
|
|
| colspan="2" |k [k~q]
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |Fricative
!voiceless
|
| colspan="2" |s [s~ɕ]
|
| colspan="3" |h [x~χ~ʕ~h]
|-
!voiced
|
|
| colspan="2" |z [ʐ~ʑ]
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |Approximant
|
|r [ɹ~ɾ~r]
|i [j]
|
|l [l~ɫ]
|
|
|}
{| class="wikitable"
!
!front
!central
!back
|-
!Close
|i
|
|u
|-
!Mid
| rowspan="2" |e [æ]
| colspan="2" |o [ə~ʌ]
|-
!Open
| colspan="2" |a [a]
|}


= Grammar =
=== Phonotactics ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+Allowed clusters
|-
!
!m
!n
!t
!r
!s
!z
!l
!j
!k
!h
|-
!m
|
|
|
|mz
|
|
|ml
|
|mk
|
|-
!n
|
|
|nt
|nr
|ns
|nz
|nl
|nj
|nk
|
|-
!t
|
|tn
|
|tr
|ts
|tz
|tl
|tj
|tk
|th
|-
!r
|
|
|rt
|
|
|rz
|
|
|rk
|
|-
!s
|
|
|st
|
|
|sz
|
|
|sk
|sh
|-
!z
|
|zn
|zt
|
|
|
|
|zj
|
|zh
|-
!l
|lm
|
|
|
|
|
|ll
|
|lk
|
|-
!j
|
|
|
|jr
|
|jz
|
|
|
|
|-
!k
|
|
|kt
|kr
|ks
|
|
|
|kl
|kh
|-
!h
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|hk
|
|}
 
Three-consonant clusters:
rst
nst
llm
rzk
 
 
 
No vowel clusters? (ae occurs on one word)
Assimilation (sz > s/ss)
 
(C)(C)V(C)(C) syllable
== Ortography ==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!
!Letter Name
!IPA value
!Environment
!Pronunciation guide
!Example word
!Notes
|-
!a
|
|[a]
|Everywhere
|As '''a''' "raw" or "palm"
|
|
|-
!e
|
|[æ]
|Everywhere
|As '''ä''' in finnish or '''a''' in "trap", but more central
|
|
|-
!h
|
|[x~χ~ʕ~h]
|
|No direct equivalent in English,
except '''ch''' in Scottish words such as "Loch"
 
Equivalent to German "Bu'''ch'''", Russian '''х'''ороший ('''kh'''oroshij), etc.
 
Can also be pronounced further back in the mouth;
 
the variant pronunciation [h] such as in English
 
"'''h'''appy" occurs but is rare.
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |i
| rowspan="2" |
|[i]
|Between consonants,
word-initially before a consonant,
 
word-finally after a consonant
 
(CiC, #iC, Ci#)
|As '''ee''' in "fleece"
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[j]
|Between, before and after vowels
Between a consonant and a vowel
 
(ViV, (C)iV, Vi(C))
| rowspan="2" |As '''y''' in "your"
|
|
|-
!j
|
|Everywhere
|
|Used in the old orthography,
still found in proper names
|-
! rowspan="2" |k
| rowspan="2" |
|[kʰ~qʰ]
|Word-initially
|As '''c''' in "cat"; might be pronounced slightly further
back in the mouth. Aspirated.
|
|
|-
|[k~q]
|Elsewhere
|As '''c''' in "cut"; might be pronounced slightly further
back in the mouth. Not aspirated.
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |l
| rowspan="2" |
|[l]
|Word-initially, between vowels,
between a consonant and a vowel
 
((C)lV, VlV)
|As '''l''' in "lump" or "allow"
|
|
|-
|[ɫ]
|Syllable-finally
|As '''l''' in "feel"
|
|
|-
!m
|
|[m]
|Everywhere
|As '''m''' in "meet" or "hum"
|
|
|-
!n
|
|[n]
|Everywhere
|As '''n''' in "nod" or "Hun"
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |o
| rowspan="2" |
|[ə]
|Unstressed syllables
|As '''a''' in "comma"
|
|
|-
|[ʌ]
|Stressed syllables
|As '''u''' in "strut"
|
|
|-
!r
|
|[ɹ~ɾ~r]
|Everywhere
|The most common pronunciations is as '''r''' English "rump"
[ɾ] is a common allophone after consonants, and is pronounced as '''t''' or '''d'''
 
as in ''wa'''t'''er'', ''bu'''tt'''er'', ''pe'''t'''al'', ''go'''tt'''a,'' ''pe'''dd'''le''.
 
A trilled [r] is possible, but rare.
|
|In free variation, albeit [ɾ] is more common
after other consonants (Cr); [r] is rare but possible
|-
! rowspan="2" |s
| rowspan="2" |
|[s]
|Word-initially
|As '''s''' in "sap"
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[ɕ]
|Elsewhere
| rowspan="2" |As '''sh''' in Japanese "塩" (shio)
as '''sh''' in English "shirt" [ʃ] is also possible
|
|
|-
!sz
|
|Word-initially
|
|Not an actual letter of the alphabet; Actually a
cluster where the <z> gets assimilated by the <nowiki><s></nowiki>
|-
! rowspan="2" |t
| rowspan="2" |
|[tʰ]
|Word-initially
|As '''t''' in "tap"
|
|
|-
|[t]
|Elsewhere
|As '''t''' in "stable"
|
|
|-
!u
|
|[u]
|Everywhere
|As '''oo''' in "room" or "goose"
|
|
|-
! rowspan="3" |v
| rowspan="3" |
|[x~χ~ʕ~h]
|Word-initially
|See <h>
|
| rowspan="3" |Remnant of old orthography?
|-
|[ʐ~ʑ]
|Word-internally, between vowels
|See <z>
|
|-
|[k~q]
|Word-finally
|See <nowiki><q></nowiki>
|azev [aʑæk]
|-
!z
|
|[ʐ~ʑ]
|Everywhere
|As '''ż''' in polish "żona" or '''ж''' in Russian "жена" (žena)
As '''j''' in Japanese "火事" (kaji) is also possible but less common
|
|
|}
 
=== Obsolete letters ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!
!Letter Name
!IPA value
!Environment
!Pronunciation guide
!Example word
!Notes
|-
!b
|
|[m]
|Same as <m>
|See <m>
|
|Occurs in a few words, replaced by <m>
|-
!d
|
|[tʰ] or [t]
|Same as <t>
|See <t>
|
|Occurs in a few words, replaced by <t>
|-
!f
|
|[x~χ~ʕ~h]
|Everywhere
|See <h>
|felanek [xælanæk]
|Occurs in a few words, replaced by <h>
|-
!g
|
|[kʰ] or [k]
|Same as <k>
|See <k>
|
|Occurs in a few words, replaced by <k>
|-
!ll
|
|[l]
|Syllable-finally
|As '''l''' in "lump" or "allow"
|allmezintek [almæʑinteæk]
|Occurs in a few words, replaced by <l>
and pronounced [ɫ]
|-
!p
|
|[kʰ] or [k]
|Same as <k>
|See <k>
|
|Occurs in a few words, replaced by <k>
|-
!
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!x
|
|[kɕ]
|Everywhere
|
|
|
|-
!y
|
|[j]
|Everywhere
|As '''y''' in "your"
|
|
|}
== Grammar ==
Cyranese is an agglutinative language, where words are changed or composed by stringing multiple morphemes together in a clear way, and morphemes only carry single meanings; this is similar to Japanese and Finnish grammar. Cyranese makes uses of case to mark the role of words in sentences, therefore nouns, pronouns and adjectives must agree in case and number, which is distinguished between singular and plural. Meanwhile, there is no grammatical gender. Word order is canonically subject-verb-object (SVO), as most European languages. Verbs only take past and non-past distinction, and further tense, aspect and mode distinctions are made using auxiliaries.
 
-moderately agglutinating
 
-cases: nominative, oblique/accusative, genitive, instrumental
 
-number: singular/plural or no distinction
 
-no grammatical gender
 
-past vs non-past verbs, mode and aspect rarely distinguished through auxiliaries
 
=== Word classes ===
 
=== Roots ===
 
=== Nouns ===
 
=== Pronouns ===
 
=== Adjectives ===
 
=== Adverbs ===
 
=== Verbs ===
 
== Wordlist ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!
!word
!meaning
|-
!
|marzka
|buttterfly
|-
!
|emer
|snail
|-
!
|jaskia
|snake
|-
!
|isesz
|worm
|-
!
|mila
|potato
|-
!
|seterk
|cabbage
|-
!
|ramoka
|sunflower
|-
!
|szima
|pumpkin
|-
!
|neksil
|poppy flower
|-
!
|raszak
|lupine
|-
!x
|felanek
|cattail
|-
!
|almaselk
|dandelion
|-
!
|inakozn
|tulip
|-
!x
|semp
|shrimp
|-
!
|rekro
|small fish
|-
!
|satkan
|medium fish
|-
!
|amotka
|big fish
|}
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